第一阶段:语法基础(第1-4周)
学习目标
- 掌握英语八大词性及其用法
- 理解句子的基本成分
- 熟悉英语五大基本句型
- 能够正确分析简单句的结构
第1周:词性基础(上)
Day 1:名词(Nouns)
什么是名词?
名词是表示人、事物、地点、概念等的词。
名词的分类
-
可数名词:可以计数,有单复数形式
- book → books, child → children
-
不可数名词:不能计数,没有复数形式
- water, music, information, advice
-
专有名词:特定的人名、地名等,首字母大写
- China, Tom, the Great Wall
-
普通名词:一般事物的名称
- table, idea, happiness
名词复数规则
| 规则 | 例词 |
|---|---|
| 一般加-s | book→books, pen→pens |
| 以s, x, ch, sh结尾加-es | bus→buses, box→boxes |
| 以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加-es | city→cities, baby→babies |
| 以f/fe结尾,变f/fe为v加-es | knife→knives, leaf→leaves |
| 不规则变化 | man→men, foot→feet, mouse→mice |
经典例句
- The book on the table is mine.(桌上的书是我的。)
- There is some water in the glass.(杯子里有一些水。)
- Children like to play games.(孩子们喜欢玩游戏。)
今日练习
- 写出下列名词的复数形式:
- photo, tomato, hero, potato
- life, wife, shelf
- tooth, goose, sheep
Day 2:名词(下)- 名词的用法
名词在句中的作用
-
作主语
- English is important.(英语很重要。)
-
作宾语
- I like music.(我喜欢音乐。)
-
作表语
- He is a teacher.(他是一名老师。)
-
作定语
- This is a coffee cup.(这是一个咖啡杯。)
名词所有格
-
’s 所有格(用于有生命的名词)
- Tom’s book(汤姆的书)
- the children’s toys(孩子们的玩具)
- 以s结尾的复数名词只加’:teachers’ office
-
of 所有格(用于无生命的名词)
- the door of the room(房间的门)
- the title of the book(书的标题)
-
双重所有格
- a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一个朋友)
经典例句
- Tom’s father is a doctor.(汤姆的父亲是医生。)
- The legs of the table are broken.(桌子的腿坏了。)
- This is a photo of my mother’s.(这是我母亲的一张照片。)
今日练习
- 用名词所有格改写句子:
- The car of Mr. Smith is new. → _______________
- The toys of the children are everywhere. → _______________
Day 3:代词(Pronouns)
什么是代词?
代词是代替名词的词,避免重复。
人称代词
| 人称 | 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 反身代词 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一人称单数 | I | me | my | mine | myself |
| 第二人称单数 | you | you | your | yours | yourself |
| 第三人称单数 | he/she/it | him/her/it | his/her/its | his/hers/its | himself/herself/itself |
| 第一人称复数 | we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| 第二人称复数 | you | you | your | yours | yourselves |
| 第三人称复数 | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
使用规则
- 主格作主语:I am a student.
- 宾格作宾语:Please help me.
- 形容词性物主代词后接名词:This is my book.
- 名词性物主代词独立使用:The book is mine.
- 反身代词表示“自己“:I did it by myself.
经典例句
- She loves her mother, and her mother loves her too.
- The idea is his, not ours.
- We should believe in ourselves.
今日练习
- 填入正确的代词形式:
- _____ (I) am helping _____ (he) with _____ (he) homework.
- The cat is washing _____ (it).
Day 4:冠词(Articles)
什么是冠词?
冠词是用在名词前,帮助说明名词含义的词。
冠词的种类
-
不定冠词 a/an
- a 用在辅音音素开头的词前:a book, a university
- an 用在元音音素开头的词前:an apple, an hour
- 表示“一个“,泛指
-
定冠词 the
- 特指某人或某物
- 上文提到过的
- 世界上独一无二的事物
-
零冠词(不用冠词)
- 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前
- 三餐、球类运动前
冠词的用法对比
| 情况 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 泛指单数可数名词 | a/an | I want a book. |
| 特指某个事物 | the | The book on the desk is mine. |
| 独一无二的事物 | the | The sun rises in the east. |
| 三餐前 | 零冠词 | I have breakfast at 7. |
| 球类运动前 | 零冠词 | He plays basketball. |
| 乐器前 | the | She plays the piano. |
易错点
- a university(u发/juː/,辅音)
- an honest boy(h不发音,元音)
- an hour(h不发音)
- a European country(eu发/juː/,辅音)
经典例句
- There is a dog in the garden. The dog is playing.
- The moon goes around the earth.
- He often plays the guitar after dinner.
今日练习
- 填入适当的冠词(a, an, the 或 /):
- _____ sun is shining brightly.
- She is _____ honest girl.
- They play _____ football every day.
Day 5:形容词(Adjectives)
什么是形容词?
形容词是描述名词特征的词,如大小、颜色、性质等。
形容词的位置
-
作定语(放在名词前)
- a beautiful girl(一个漂亮的女孩)
- hot water(热水)
-
作表语(放在系动词后)
- The flower is beautiful.(这朵花很漂亮。)
- He looks tired.(他看起来很累。)
-
作宾语补足语
- I found the book interesting.(我发现这本书很有趣。)
形容词的顺序(多个形容词修饰同一名词)
口诀:限观形龄颜国材
- 限定词 → 观点 → 形状 → 年龄 → 颜色 → 国籍 → 材料
例:a beautiful small old brown Chinese wooden table
形容词的比较级和最高级
| 类型 | 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 单音节词 | tall | taller | tallest |
| 以e结尾 | nice | nicer | nicest |
| 辅音+y结尾 | easy | easier | easiest |
| 双写末字母 | big | bigger | biggest |
| 多音节词 | beautiful | more beautiful | most beautiful |
| 不规则 | good | better | best |
| 不规则 | bad | worse | worst |
| 不规则 | many/much | more | most |
比较级和最高级的用法
- 比较级 + than:He is taller than me.
- the + 最高级:He is the tallest in our class.
- as…as(和…一样):He is as tall as his father.
经典例句
- China is larger than Japan.
- This is the most beautiful flower in the garden.
- My bag is not as heavy as yours.
今日练习
- 写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级:
- thin, fat, important, little
Day 6:副词(Adverbs)
什么是副词?
副词是修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词。
副词的分类
- 时间副词:now, then, today, yesterday, soon
- 地点副词:here, there, everywhere, above
- 方式副词:carefully, quickly, well, hard
- 程度副词:very, quite, too, enough, rather
- 频率副词:always, usually, often, sometimes, never
副词的位置
-
方式副词通常放在动词后
- She sings beautifully.
-
频率副词通常放在实义动词前,be动词后
- I always get up early.
- She is always late.
-
程度副词放在被修饰词前
- This is very important.
-
enough放在形容词/副词后
- He is old enough to go to school.
形容词变副词的规则
| 规则 | 例词 |
|---|---|
| 一般加-ly | quick→quickly, careful→carefully |
| 以辅音+y结尾,变y为i加-ly | happy→happily, easy→easily |
| 以-le结尾,去e加-y | possible→possibly |
| 形副同形 | fast, hard, early, late |
注意区分
- hard(努力地)vs hardly(几乎不)
- late(迟地)vs lately(最近)
- high(高地)vs highly(高度地)
经典例句
- He works hard.(他工作努力。)
- I can hardly believe it.(我几乎不敢相信。)
- She speaks English fluently.(她英语说得流利。)
今日练习
- 用括号内词的适当形式填空:
- He runs _____ (quick).
- She is a _____ (careful) driver. She drives _____ (careful).
Day 7:第1周复习与测试
本周知识点回顾
- 名词的分类与复数形式
- 名词的用法与所有格
- 人称代词的各种形式
- 冠词的用法(a, an, the, 零冠词)
- 形容词的用法与比较级
- 副词的分类与位置
本周测试(20题)
一、选择填空(每题1分)
-
There are three _____ in the room. A. child B. childs C. children D. childrens
-
This is _____ useful book. A. a B. an C. the D. /
-
She is taller than _____. A. I B. me C. my D. mine
-
The weather is getting _____ and _____. A. cold; cold B. colder; colder C. coldest; coldest D. more cold; more cold
-
He speaks English _____. A. good B. well C. better D. best
二、填入正确的词形(每题1分)
- Please give _____ (I) a cup of tea.
- The two _____ (knife) are sharp.
- He runs _____ (fast) than his brother.
- This is _____ (important) lesson I have ever had.
- She sings _____ (beautiful).
三、改错(每题2分)
- She is more taller than me.
- I have a advice for you.
- The childrens are playing in the park.
- He works hardly every day.
- This is a hour’s work.
答案见本文档末尾
第2周:词性基础(下)
Day 8:动词概述(Verbs Introduction)
什么是动词?
动词是表示动作或状态的词,是句子的核心。
动词的分类
-
实义动词(有实际意义)
- 及物动词(vt.):后面必须接宾语
- I love music.
- 不及物动词(vi.):后面不能直接接宾语
- She smiled.
- 及物动词(vt.):后面必须接宾语
-
系动词(连接主语和表语)
- be动词:is, am, are, was, were
- 感官动词:look, sound, smell, taste, feel
- 变化动词:become, get, turn, grow
- 保持动词:keep, stay, remain
-
助动词(帮助构成时态、语态、疑问句等)
- do, does, did
- have, has, had
- will, would, shall, should
-
情态动词(表示能力、可能、必要等)
- can, could, may, might, must, need, dare
动词的基本形式
| 形式 | 例词(write) |
|---|---|
| 原形 | write |
| 第三人称单数 | writes |
| 过去式 | wrote |
| 过去分词 | written |
| 现在分词 | writing |
经典例句
- He works in a bank.(实义动词)
- The soup tastes delicious.(系动词)
- Does she speak English?(助动词)
- You must finish it today.(情态动词)
今日练习
- 指出下列句中动词的类型:
- She became a doctor.
- I don’t like coffee.
- You should study hard.
Day 9:介词(Prepositions)
什么是介词?
介词是表示词与词之间关系的词,后面常接名词或代词。
常用介词分类
1. 时间介词
| 介词 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| at | 时刻、时间点 | at 8 o’clock, at noon |
| on | 具体日期、星期 | on Monday, on May 1st |
| in | 年、月、季节、早中晚 | in 2023, in May, in spring, in the morning |
| for | 持续时间 | for two hours |
| since | 从…以来 | since 2020 |
| during | 在…期间 | during the summer |
2. 地点介词
| 介词 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| at | 小地点 | at the station |
| in | 大地点、在…里面 | in China, in the box |
| on | 在…上面(接触) | on the desk |
| above | 在…上方(不接触) | above the clouds |
| under | 在…下面 | under the table |
| between | 在两者之间 | between A and B |
| among | 在三者或以上之间 | among students |
3. 方向介词
- to, into, out of, through, across, along
4. 其他常用介词
- with, without, by, for, about, of
介词固定搭配
- be good at(擅长)
- be interested in(对…感兴趣)
- be famous for(因…出名)
- look after(照顾)
- look for(寻找)
- depend on(依靠)
经典例句
- I’ll meet you at the airport on Sunday.
- She is good at playing the piano.
- The book is on the shelf between the two boxes.
今日练习
- 填入正确的介词:
- He was born _____ May 5th, 2005.
- The cat is hiding _____ the bed.
- She is interested _____ history.
Day 10:连词(Conjunctions)
什么是连词?
连词是连接词、短语或句子的词。
连词的分类
1. 并列连词(连接同等成分)
| 连词 | 意义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| and | 和,而且 | I like tea and coffee. |
| but | 但是 | He is poor but happy. |
| or | 或者;否则 | Tea or coffee? |
| so | 所以 | I was tired, so I went to bed. |
| for | 因为 | He is absent, for he is ill. |
| nor | 也不 | He can’t swim, nor can I. |
| yet | 然而 | Strange yet true. |
2. 从属连词(引导从句)
| 类型 | 连词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | when, while, as, before, after, since, until | I’ll call you when I arrive. |
| 原因 | because, since, as | He was late because he missed the bus. |
| 条件 | if, unless | I’ll go if it doesn’t rain. |
| 让步 | although, though, even though | Although he is old, he is healthy. |
| 目的 | so that, in order that | Study hard so that you can pass. |
| 结果 | so…that, such…that | He was so tired that he fell asleep. |
注意事项
-
although/though 不能和 but 连用
- ❌ Although he is poor, but he is happy.
- ✅ Although he is poor, he is happy.
-
because 不能和 so 连用
- ❌ Because he was ill, so he didn’t come.
- ✅ Because he was ill, he didn’t come.
经典例句
- I like swimming and he likes running.
- Although it rained, we went out.
- He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
今日练习
- 选择正确的连词填空:
- _____ (Although/But) he is young, he is very capable.
- Study hard, _____ (and/or) you will fail.
Day 11:数词(Numerals)
什么是数词?
数词是表示数量或顺序的词。
基数词(表示数量)
| 数字 | 英文 | 数字 | 英文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | one | 11 | eleven |
| 2 | two | 12 | twelve |
| 3 | three | 13 | thirteen |
| 4 | four | 14 | fourteen |
| 5 | five | 15 | fifteen |
| 6 | six | 16 | sixteen |
| 7 | seven | 17 | seventeen |
| 8 | eight | 18 | eighteen |
| 9 | nine | 19 | nineteen |
| 10 | ten | 20 | twenty |
- 21-99:twenty-one, thirty-five, ninety-nine
- 100:a/one hundred
- 1,000:a/one thousand
- 1,000,000:a/one million
序数词(表示顺序)
| 基数词 | 序数词 | 基数词 | 序数词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| one | first | eleven | eleventh |
| two | second | twelve | twelfth |
| three | third | thirteen | thirteenth |
| four | fourth | twenty | twentieth |
| five | fifth | twenty-one | twenty-first |
数词的用法
-
年份读法
- 1999:nineteen ninety-nine
- 2000:two thousand
- 2023:twenty twenty-three / two thousand and twenty-three
-
日期读法
- May 1st:May (the) first
- 3月15日:March (the) fifteenth
-
时间读法
- 8:30:eight thirty / half past eight
- 9:15:nine fifteen / a quarter past nine
-
分数读法
- 1/3:one third
- 2/5:two fifths
- 分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时分母加s
经典例句
- Today is the first day of school.
- There are hundreds of students in our school.
- Two thirds of the students are girls.
今日练习
- 将下列数字写成英文:
- 第12 _______________
- 1,500 _______________
- 3/4 _______________
Day 12:感叹词与句子成分
感叹词(Interjections)
表示强烈感情的词,如:
- Oh! Ah! Wow! Ouch! Hurray! Alas!
句子成分
1. 主语(Subject) 句子的主体,表示动作的执行者或状态的主体。
- Tom is a student.
- To learn English is important.
2. 谓语(Predicate) 说明主语的动作或状态,由动词充当。
- She sings well.
- He is a teacher.
3. 宾语(Object) 动作的对象,分为直接宾语和间接宾语。
- I love music.(直接宾语)
- He gave me a book.(间接宾语+直接宾语)
4. 表语(Predicative) 说明主语的身份或状态,位于系动词后。
- She is beautiful.
- He became a doctor.
5. 定语(Attribute) 修饰名词的成分。
- a beautiful girl
- the girl in red
6. 状语(Adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
- She sings well.(方式状语)
- I go to school every day.(时间状语)
7. 补语(Complement) 补充说明主语或宾语。
- We made him monitor.(宾语补足语)
- He was elected chairman.(主语补足语)
句子成分分析练习
分析下列句子的成分:
- The boy is reading a book in the library.
- We found the movie interesting.
Day 13:五大基本句型
句型一:主语 + 谓语(S + V)
不及物动词,无宾语。
- Birds fly.
- The sun rises in the east.
句型二:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(S + V + O)
及物动词 + 宾语。
- I love music.
- She speaks English.
句型三:主语 + 系动词 + 表语(S + V + P)
系动词 + 表语(形容词/名词)。
- He is a teacher.
- The food tastes delicious.
句型四:主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(S + V + IO + DO)
双宾语结构。
- He gave me a book.
- She told us a story.
可转换为:
- He gave a book to me.
- She told a story to us.
常用动词:give, tell, show, teach, send, bring, lend, pass, write
句型五:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(S + V + O + C)
- We made him monitor.
- I found the book interesting.
- She asked me to help her.
常用动词:make, let, have, see, hear, watch, find, think, consider, keep
经典例句
- Time flies.(S+V)
- I enjoy reading.(S+V+O)
- The milk smells sour.(S+V+P)
- My mother bought me a gift.(S+V+IO+DO)
- We call him Tom.(S+V+O+C)
今日练习
- 判断下列句子属于哪种基本句型:
- She became a nurse.
- The teacher teaches us English.
- I saw him enter the room.
Day 14:第2周复习与测试
本周知识点回顾
- 动词的分类与基本形式
- 介词的分类与用法
- 连词的分类与用法
- 数词的读法与用法
- 句子成分分析
- 五大基本句型
本周测试(20题)
一、选择填空(每题1分)
-
The soup _____ delicious. A. tastes B. is tasted C. tasting D. taste
-
I was born _____ the morning of May 1st. A. in B. on C. at D. for
-
_____ he is tired, he keeps working. A. Although B. But C. Because D. So
-
This is my _____ visit to Beijing. A. three B. third C. the third D. thirds
-
He gave _____ a book. A. I B. my C. me D. mine
二、判断句子成分(每题1分)
指出划线部分在句中的成分: 6. The boy is reading a book. 7. She is very beautiful. 8. I saw him enter the room. 9. We study English every day. 10. He bought his mother a gift.
三、判断基本句型(每题1分)
- The flowers smell sweet.
- She teaches us English.
- Birds fly south in winter.
- They made him captain.
- I like music.
第3周:词性综合与简单句
Day 15-17:词性综合练习
(详细练习内容)
Day 18-20:简单句的类型
陈述句
- 肯定句:She is a student.
- 否定句:She is not a student.
疑问句
- 一般疑问句:Is she a student?
- 特殊疑问句:What is she?
- 选择疑问句:Is she a student or a teacher?
- 反意疑问句:She is a student, isn’t she?
祈使句
- 肯定:Open the door.
- 否定:Don’t open the door.
- Let’s:Let’s go.
感叹句
- What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + 主语 + 谓语!
- What a beautiful flower (it is)!
- How + adj./adv. + 主语 + 谓语!
- How beautiful the flower is!
Day 21:第3周复习与测试
第4周:主谓一致与There be句型
Day 22-24:主谓一致
语法一致原则
主语为单数,谓语用单数;主语为复数,谓语用复数。
- The boy is playing.
- The boys are playing.
意义一致原则
根据主语的实际意义决定谓语的单复数。
- The news is exciting.(news是不可数名词)
- The police are looking for the thief.(police表示警察们)
就近一致原则
谓语与最近的主语保持一致。
- Either you or he is wrong.
- Not only the students but also the teacher likes football.
常见特殊情况
- each, every, no + 名词:谓语用单数
- both…and…:谓语用复数
- 时间、金钱、距离等作主语表示整体概念:谓语用单数
- the + 形容词表示一类人:谓语用复数
Day 25-27:There be 句型
基本结构
- There is/are + 名词 + 地点状语
时态变化
- 现在时:There is/are…
- 过去时:There was/were…
- 将来时:There will be…/There is going to be…
- 现在完成时:There has/have been…
主谓一致
- There is a book on the desk.
- There are two books on the desk.
- There is a book and two pens on the desk.(就近原则)
否定与疑问
- 否定:There isn’t/aren’t…
- 疑问:Is/Are there…?
Day 28:第4周复习与阶段测试
第一阶段测试答案
第1周测试答案
选择填空
- C(child的复数是children,不规则变化)
- A(useful以辅音/juː/开头,用a)
- B(than后用宾格me)
- B(比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越…“)
- B(speak是行为动词,用副词well修饰)
填词 6. me(动词give后用宾格) 7. knives(knife变复数:f变v加es) 8. faster(than前用比较级) 9. the most important(形容词最高级前加the) 10. beautifully(修饰动词sings用副词)
改错 11. She is taller than me.(去掉more,taller已是比较级) 12. I have some advice for you.(advice是不可数名词,不能用a) 13. The children are playing in the park.(child的复数是children) 14. He works hard every day.(hard作副词表“努力地“,hardly表“几乎不“) 15. This is an hour’s work.(hour以元音/aʊ/开头,用an)
第2周测试答案
选择填空
- A(taste是系动词,后接形容词)
- B(具体日期前用on)
- A(although表“虽然“,不能与but连用)
- B(序数词third表“第三“)
- C(give后接双宾语,间接宾语用宾格me)
句子成分 6. 主语(The boy是句子的主语) 7. 表语(beautiful在系动词is后作表语) 8. 宾语补足语(enter补充说明宾语him的动作) 9. 状语(every day修饰谓语study,表时间) 10. 间接宾语(his mother是间接宾语,gift是直接宾语)
基本句型 11. S+V+P(smell是系动词,sweet是表语) 12. S+V+IO+DO(teaches接双宾语us和English) 13. S+V(fly是不及物动词,无宾语) 14. S+V+O+C(captain是宾语him的补语) 15. S+V+O(like是及物动词,music是宾语)
恭喜完成第一阶段学习! 🎉
进入 第二阶段:核心语法