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第一阶段:语法基础(第1-4周)

学习目标

  • 掌握英语八大词性及其用法
  • 理解句子的基本成分
  • 熟悉英语五大基本句型
  • 能够正确分析简单句的结构

第1周:词性基础(上)

Day 1:名词(Nouns)

什么是名词?

名词是表示人、事物、地点、概念等的词。

名词的分类

  1. 可数名词:可以计数,有单复数形式

    • book → books, child → children
  2. 不可数名词:不能计数,没有复数形式

    • water, music, information, advice
  3. 专有名词:特定的人名、地名等,首字母大写

    • China, Tom, the Great Wall
  4. 普通名词:一般事物的名称

    • table, idea, happiness

名词复数规则

规则例词
一般加-sbook→books, pen→pens
以s, x, ch, sh结尾加-esbus→buses, box→boxes
以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加-escity→cities, baby→babies
以f/fe结尾,变f/fe为v加-esknife→knives, leaf→leaves
不规则变化man→men, foot→feet, mouse→mice

经典例句

  1. The book on the table is mine.(桌上的书是我的。)
  2. There is some water in the glass.(杯子里有一些水。)
  3. Children like to play games.(孩子们喜欢玩游戏。)

今日练习

  1. 写出下列名词的复数形式:
    • photo, tomato, hero, potato
    • life, wife, shelf
    • tooth, goose, sheep

Day 2:名词(下)- 名词的用法

名词在句中的作用

  1. 作主语

    • English is important.(英语很重要。)
  2. 作宾语

    • I like music.(我喜欢音乐。)
  3. 作表语

    • He is a teacher.(他是一名老师。)
  4. 作定语

    • This is a coffee cup.(这是一个咖啡杯。)

名词所有格

  1. ’s 所有格(用于有生命的名词)

    • Tom’s book(汤姆的书)
    • the children’s toys(孩子们的玩具)
    • 以s结尾的复数名词只加’:teachers’ office
  2. of 所有格(用于无生命的名词)

    • the door of the room(房间的门)
    • the title of the book(书的标题)
  3. 双重所有格

    • a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一个朋友)

经典例句

  1. Tom’s father is a doctor.(汤姆的父亲是医生。)
  2. The legs of the table are broken.(桌子的腿坏了。)
  3. This is a photo of my mother’s.(这是我母亲的一张照片。)

今日练习

  1. 用名词所有格改写句子:
    • The car of Mr. Smith is new. → _______________
    • The toys of the children are everywhere. → _______________

Day 3:代词(Pronouns)

什么是代词?

代词是代替名词的词,避免重复。

人称代词

人称主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词
第一人称单数Imemyminemyself
第二人称单数youyouyouryoursyourself
第三人称单数he/she/ithim/her/ithis/her/itshis/hers/itshimself/herself/itself
第一人称复数weusouroursourselves
第二人称复数youyouyouryoursyourselves
第三人称复数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves

使用规则

  1. 主格作主语:I am a student.
  2. 宾格作宾语:Please help me.
  3. 形容词性物主代词后接名词:This is my book.
  4. 名词性物主代词独立使用:The book is mine.
  5. 反身代词表示“自己“:I did it by myself.

经典例句

  1. She loves her mother, and her mother loves her too.
  2. The idea is his, not ours.
  3. We should believe in ourselves.

今日练习

  1. 填入正确的代词形式:
    • _____ (I) am helping _____ (he) with _____ (he) homework.
    • The cat is washing _____ (it).

Day 4:冠词(Articles)

什么是冠词?

冠词是用在名词前,帮助说明名词含义的词。

冠词的种类

  1. 不定冠词 a/an

    • a 用在辅音音素开头的词前:a book, a university
    • an 用在元音音素开头的词前:an apple, an hour
    • 表示“一个“,泛指
  2. 定冠词 the

    • 特指某人或某物
    • 上文提到过的
    • 世界上独一无二的事物
  3. 零冠词(不用冠词)

    • 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前
    • 三餐、球类运动前

冠词的用法对比

情况用法例句
泛指单数可数名词a/anI want a book.
特指某个事物theThe book on the desk is mine.
独一无二的事物theThe sun rises in the east.
三餐前零冠词I have breakfast at 7.
球类运动前零冠词He plays basketball.
乐器前theShe plays the piano.

易错点

  • a university(u发/juː/,辅音)
  • an honest boy(h不发音,元音)
  • an hour(h不发音)
  • a European country(eu发/juː/,辅音)

经典例句

  1. There is a dog in the garden. The dog is playing.
  2. The moon goes around the earth.
  3. He often plays the guitar after dinner.

今日练习

  1. 填入适当的冠词(a, an, the 或 /):
    • _____ sun is shining brightly.
    • She is _____ honest girl.
    • They play _____ football every day.

Day 5:形容词(Adjectives)

什么是形容词?

形容词是描述名词特征的词,如大小、颜色、性质等。

形容词的位置

  1. 作定语(放在名词前)

    • a beautiful girl(一个漂亮的女孩)
    • hot water(热水)
  2. 作表语(放在系动词后)

    • The flower is beautiful.(这朵花很漂亮。)
    • He looks tired.(他看起来很累。)
  3. 作宾语补足语

    • I found the book interesting.(我发现这本书很有趣。)

形容词的顺序(多个形容词修饰同一名词)

口诀:限观形龄颜国材

  • 限定词 → 观点 → 形状 → 年龄 → 颜色 → 国籍 → 材料

例:a beautiful small old brown Chinese wooden table

形容词的比较级和最高级

类型原级比较级最高级
单音节词talltallertallest
以e结尾nicenicernicest
辅音+y结尾easyeasiereasiest
双写末字母bigbiggerbiggest
多音节词beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful
不规则goodbetterbest
不规则badworseworst
不规则many/muchmoremost

比较级和最高级的用法

  1. 比较级 + than:He is taller than me.
  2. the + 最高级:He is the tallest in our class.
  3. as…as(和…一样):He is as tall as his father.

经典例句

  1. China is larger than Japan.
  2. This is the most beautiful flower in the garden.
  3. My bag is not as heavy as yours.

今日练习

  1. 写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级:
    • thin, fat, important, little

Day 6:副词(Adverbs)

什么是副词?

副词是修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词。

副词的分类

  1. 时间副词:now, then, today, yesterday, soon
  2. 地点副词:here, there, everywhere, above
  3. 方式副词:carefully, quickly, well, hard
  4. 程度副词:very, quite, too, enough, rather
  5. 频率副词:always, usually, often, sometimes, never

副词的位置

  1. 方式副词通常放在动词后

    • She sings beautifully.
  2. 频率副词通常放在实义动词前,be动词后

    • I always get up early.
    • She is always late.
  3. 程度副词放在被修饰词前

    • This is very important.
  4. enough放在形容词/副词后

    • He is old enough to go to school.

形容词变副词的规则

规则例词
一般加-lyquick→quickly, careful→carefully
以辅音+y结尾,变y为i加-lyhappy→happily, easy→easily
以-le结尾,去e加-ypossible→possibly
形副同形fast, hard, early, late

注意区分

  • hard(努力地)vs hardly(几乎不)
  • late(迟地)vs lately(最近)
  • high(高地)vs highly(高度地)

经典例句

  1. He works hard.(他工作努力。)
  2. I can hardly believe it.(我几乎不敢相信。)
  3. She speaks English fluently.(她英语说得流利。)

今日练习

  1. 用括号内词的适当形式填空:
    • He runs _____ (quick).
    • She is a _____ (careful) driver. She drives _____ (careful).

Day 7:第1周复习与测试

本周知识点回顾

  1. 名词的分类与复数形式
  2. 名词的用法与所有格
  3. 人称代词的各种形式
  4. 冠词的用法(a, an, the, 零冠词)
  5. 形容词的用法与比较级
  6. 副词的分类与位置

本周测试(20题)

一、选择填空(每题1分)

  1. There are three _____ in the room. A. child B. childs C. children D. childrens

  2. This is _____ useful book. A. a B. an C. the D. /

  3. She is taller than _____. A. I B. me C. my D. mine

  4. The weather is getting _____ and _____. A. cold; cold B. colder; colder C. coldest; coldest D. more cold; more cold

  5. He speaks English _____. A. good B. well C. better D. best

二、填入正确的词形(每题1分)

  1. Please give _____ (I) a cup of tea.
  2. The two _____ (knife) are sharp.
  3. He runs _____ (fast) than his brother.
  4. This is _____ (important) lesson I have ever had.
  5. She sings _____ (beautiful).

三、改错(每题2分)

  1. She is more taller than me.
  2. I have a advice for you.
  3. The childrens are playing in the park.
  4. He works hardly every day.
  5. This is a hour’s work.

答案见本文档末尾


第2周:词性基础(下)

Day 8:动词概述(Verbs Introduction)

什么是动词?

动词是表示动作或状态的词,是句子的核心。

动词的分类

  1. 实义动词(有实际意义)

    • 及物动词(vt.):后面必须接宾语
      • I love music.
    • 不及物动词(vi.):后面不能直接接宾语
      • She smiled.
  2. 系动词(连接主语和表语)

    • be动词:is, am, are, was, were
    • 感官动词:look, sound, smell, taste, feel
    • 变化动词:become, get, turn, grow
    • 保持动词:keep, stay, remain
  3. 助动词(帮助构成时态、语态、疑问句等)

    • do, does, did
    • have, has, had
    • will, would, shall, should
  4. 情态动词(表示能力、可能、必要等)

    • can, could, may, might, must, need, dare

动词的基本形式

形式例词(write)
原形write
第三人称单数writes
过去式wrote
过去分词written
现在分词writing

经典例句

  1. He works in a bank.(实义动词)
  2. The soup tastes delicious.(系动词)
  3. Does she speak English?(助动词)
  4. You must finish it today.(情态动词)

今日练习

  1. 指出下列句中动词的类型:
    • She became a doctor.
    • I don’t like coffee.
    • You should study hard.

Day 9:介词(Prepositions)

什么是介词?

介词是表示词与词之间关系的词,后面常接名词或代词。

常用介词分类

1. 时间介词

介词用法例句
at时刻、时间点at 8 o’clock, at noon
on具体日期、星期on Monday, on May 1st
in年、月、季节、早中晚in 2023, in May, in spring, in the morning
for持续时间for two hours
since从…以来since 2020
during在…期间during the summer

2. 地点介词

介词用法例句
at小地点at the station
in大地点、在…里面in China, in the box
on在…上面(接触)on the desk
above在…上方(不接触)above the clouds
under在…下面under the table
between在两者之间between A and B
among在三者或以上之间among students

3. 方向介词

  • to, into, out of, through, across, along

4. 其他常用介词

  • with, without, by, for, about, of

介词固定搭配

  • be good at(擅长)
  • be interested in(对…感兴趣)
  • be famous for(因…出名)
  • look after(照顾)
  • look for(寻找)
  • depend on(依靠)

经典例句

  1. I’ll meet you at the airport on Sunday.
  2. She is good at playing the piano.
  3. The book is on the shelf between the two boxes.

今日练习

  1. 填入正确的介词:
    • He was born _____ May 5th, 2005.
    • The cat is hiding _____ the bed.
    • She is interested _____ history.

Day 10:连词(Conjunctions)

什么是连词?

连词是连接词、短语或句子的词。

连词的分类

1. 并列连词(连接同等成分)

连词意义例句
and和,而且I like tea and coffee.
but但是He is poor but happy.
or或者;否则Tea or coffee?
so所以I was tired, so I went to bed.
for因为He is absent, for he is ill.
nor也不He can’t swim, nor can I.
yet然而Strange yet true.

2. 从属连词(引导从句)

类型连词例句
时间when, while, as, before, after, since, untilI’ll call you when I arrive.
原因because, since, asHe was late because he missed the bus.
条件if, unlessI’ll go if it doesn’t rain.
让步although, though, even thoughAlthough he is old, he is healthy.
目的so that, in order thatStudy hard so that you can pass.
结果so…that, such…thatHe was so tired that he fell asleep.

注意事项

  1. although/though 不能和 but 连用

    • ❌ Although he is poor, but he is happy.
    • ✅ Although he is poor, he is happy.
  2. because 不能和 so 连用

    • ❌ Because he was ill, so he didn’t come.
    • ✅ Because he was ill, he didn’t come.

经典例句

  1. I like swimming and he likes running.
  2. Although it rained, we went out.
  3. He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.

今日练习

  1. 选择正确的连词填空:
    • _____ (Although/But) he is young, he is very capable.
    • Study hard, _____ (and/or) you will fail.

Day 11:数词(Numerals)

什么是数词?

数词是表示数量或顺序的词。

基数词(表示数量)

数字英文数字英文
1one11eleven
2two12twelve
3three13thirteen
4four14fourteen
5five15fifteen
6six16sixteen
7seven17seventeen
8eight18eighteen
9nine19nineteen
10ten20twenty
  • 21-99:twenty-one, thirty-five, ninety-nine
  • 100:a/one hundred
  • 1,000:a/one thousand
  • 1,000,000:a/one million

序数词(表示顺序)

基数词序数词基数词序数词
onefirsteleveneleventh
twosecondtwelvetwelfth
threethirdthirteenthirteenth
fourfourthtwentytwentieth
fivefifthtwenty-onetwenty-first

数词的用法

  1. 年份读法

    • 1999:nineteen ninety-nine
    • 2000:two thousand
    • 2023:twenty twenty-three / two thousand and twenty-three
  2. 日期读法

    • May 1st:May (the) first
    • 3月15日:March (the) fifteenth
  3. 时间读法

    • 8:30:eight thirty / half past eight
    • 9:15:nine fifteen / a quarter past nine
  4. 分数读法

    • 1/3:one third
    • 2/5:two fifths
    • 分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时分母加s

经典例句

  1. Today is the first day of school.
  2. There are hundreds of students in our school.
  3. Two thirds of the students are girls.

今日练习

  1. 将下列数字写成英文:
    • 第12 _______________
    • 1,500 _______________
    • 3/4 _______________

Day 12:感叹词与句子成分

感叹词(Interjections)

表示强烈感情的词,如:

  • Oh! Ah! Wow! Ouch! Hurray! Alas!

句子成分

1. 主语(Subject) 句子的主体,表示动作的执行者或状态的主体。

  • Tom is a student.
  • To learn English is important.

2. 谓语(Predicate) 说明主语的动作或状态,由动词充当。

  • She sings well.
  • He is a teacher.

3. 宾语(Object) 动作的对象,分为直接宾语和间接宾语。

  • I love music.(直接宾语)
  • He gave me a book.(间接宾语+直接宾语)

4. 表语(Predicative) 说明主语的身份或状态,位于系动词后。

  • She is beautiful.
  • He became a doctor.

5. 定语(Attribute) 修饰名词的成分。

  • a beautiful girl
  • the girl in red

6. 状语(Adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。

  • She sings well.(方式状语)
  • I go to school every day.(时间状语)

7. 补语(Complement) 补充说明主语或宾语。

  • We made him monitor.(宾语补足语)
  • He was elected chairman.(主语补足语)

句子成分分析练习

分析下列句子的成分:

  1. The boy is reading a book in the library.
  2. We found the movie interesting.

Day 13:五大基本句型

句型一:主语 + 谓语(S + V)

不及物动词,无宾语。

  • Birds fly.
  • The sun rises in the east.

句型二:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(S + V + O)

及物动词 + 宾语。

  • I love music.
  • She speaks English.

句型三:主语 + 系动词 + 表语(S + V + P)

系动词 + 表语(形容词/名词)。

  • He is a teacher.
  • The food tastes delicious.

句型四:主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(S + V + IO + DO)

双宾语结构。

  • He gave me a book.
  • She told us a story.

可转换为:

  • He gave a book to me.
  • She told a story to us.

常用动词:give, tell, show, teach, send, bring, lend, pass, write

句型五:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(S + V + O + C)

  • We made him monitor.
  • I found the book interesting.
  • She asked me to help her.

常用动词:make, let, have, see, hear, watch, find, think, consider, keep

经典例句

  1. Time flies.(S+V)
  2. I enjoy reading.(S+V+O)
  3. The milk smells sour.(S+V+P)
  4. My mother bought me a gift.(S+V+IO+DO)
  5. We call him Tom.(S+V+O+C)

今日练习

  1. 判断下列句子属于哪种基本句型:
    • She became a nurse.
    • The teacher teaches us English.
    • I saw him enter the room.

Day 14:第2周复习与测试

本周知识点回顾

  1. 动词的分类与基本形式
  2. 介词的分类与用法
  3. 连词的分类与用法
  4. 数词的读法与用法
  5. 句子成分分析
  6. 五大基本句型

本周测试(20题)

一、选择填空(每题1分)

  1. The soup _____ delicious. A. tastes B. is tasted C. tasting D. taste

  2. I was born _____ the morning of May 1st. A. in B. on C. at D. for

  3. _____ he is tired, he keeps working. A. Although B. But C. Because D. So

  4. This is my _____ visit to Beijing. A. three B. third C. the third D. thirds

  5. He gave _____ a book. A. I B. my C. me D. mine

二、判断句子成分(每题1分)

指出划线部分在句中的成分: 6. The boy is reading a book. 7. She is very beautiful. 8. I saw him enter the room. 9. We study English every day. 10. He bought his mother a gift.

三、判断基本句型(每题1分)

  1. The flowers smell sweet.
  2. She teaches us English.
  3. Birds fly south in winter.
  4. They made him captain.
  5. I like music.

第3周:词性综合与简单句

Day 15-17:词性综合练习

(详细练习内容)

Day 18-20:简单句的类型

陈述句

  • 肯定句:She is a student.
  • 否定句:She is not a student.

疑问句

  • 一般疑问句:Is she a student?
  • 特殊疑问句:What is she?
  • 选择疑问句:Is she a student or a teacher?
  • 反意疑问句:She is a student, isn’t she?

祈使句

  • 肯定:Open the door.
  • 否定:Don’t open the door.
  • Let’s:Let’s go.

感叹句

  • What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + 主语 + 谓语!
    • What a beautiful flower (it is)!
  • How + adj./adv. + 主语 + 谓语!
    • How beautiful the flower is!

Day 21:第3周复习与测试


第4周:主谓一致与There be句型

Day 22-24:主谓一致

语法一致原则

主语为单数,谓语用单数;主语为复数,谓语用复数。

  • The boy is playing.
  • The boys are playing.

意义一致原则

根据主语的实际意义决定谓语的单复数。

  • The news is exciting.(news是不可数名词)
  • The police are looking for the thief.(police表示警察们)

就近一致原则

谓语与最近的主语保持一致。

  • Either you or he is wrong.
  • Not only the students but also the teacher likes football.

常见特殊情况

  1. each, every, no + 名词:谓语用单数
  2. both…and…:谓语用复数
  3. 时间、金钱、距离等作主语表示整体概念:谓语用单数
  4. the + 形容词表示一类人:谓语用复数

Day 25-27:There be 句型

基本结构

  • There is/are + 名词 + 地点状语

时态变化

  • 现在时:There is/are…
  • 过去时:There was/were…
  • 将来时:There will be…/There is going to be…
  • 现在完成时:There has/have been…

主谓一致

  • There is a book on the desk.
  • There are two books on the desk.
  • There is a book and two pens on the desk.(就近原则)

否定与疑问

  • 否定:There isn’t/aren’t…
  • 疑问:Is/Are there…?

Day 28:第4周复习与阶段测试


第一阶段测试答案

第1周测试答案

选择填空

  1. C(child的复数是children,不规则变化)
  2. A(useful以辅音/juː/开头,用a)
  3. B(than后用宾格me)
  4. B(比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越…“)
  5. B(speak是行为动词,用副词well修饰)

填词 6. me(动词give后用宾格) 7. knives(knife变复数:f变v加es) 8. faster(than前用比较级) 9. the most important(形容词最高级前加the) 10. beautifully(修饰动词sings用副词)

改错 11. She is taller than me.(去掉more,taller已是比较级) 12. I have some advice for you.(advice是不可数名词,不能用a) 13. The children are playing in the park.(child的复数是children) 14. He works hard every day.(hard作副词表“努力地“,hardly表“几乎不“) 15. This is an hour’s work.(hour以元音/aʊ/开头,用an)

第2周测试答案

选择填空

  1. A(taste是系动词,后接形容词)
  2. B(具体日期前用on)
  3. A(although表“虽然“,不能与but连用)
  4. B(序数词third表“第三“)
  5. C(give后接双宾语,间接宾语用宾格me)

句子成分 6. 主语(The boy是句子的主语) 7. 表语(beautiful在系动词is后作表语) 8. 宾语补足语(enter补充说明宾语him的动作) 9. 状语(every day修饰谓语study,表时间) 10. 间接宾语(his mother是间接宾语,gift是直接宾语)

基本句型 11. S+V+P(smell是系动词,sweet是表语) 12. S+V+IO+DO(teaches接双宾语us和English) 13. S+V(fly是不及物动词,无宾语) 14. S+V+O+C(captain是宾语him的补语) 15. S+V+O(like是及物动词,music是宾语)


恭喜完成第一阶段学习! 🎉

进入 第二阶段:核心语法